I. Matakin Farko: Babu tsarin rarrabuwa ɗaya (1930-1971)
Bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu, robobi da kayan kumfa sun zama karɓaɓɓu sosai, tare da EVA, roba, da resins waɗanda aka yi amfani da su sosai a cikin kayan aikin gida, rufi, da na'urorin lantarki; duk da haka, babu daidaitaccen tsarin kimanta jinkirin harshen wuta.
1930s: Matsayin ASTM na Amurka ya gabatar da ƙarni na farko na gwajin konewa, yana auna ƙimar ƙonawa a kwance kawai da kuma bambanta tsakanin "ƙonawa sannu-sannu" da "mai sauri{2}," ba tare da tanade-tanade don tantance konewar konewa ba.
1950-1960s: Abubuwan da suka faru na gobara da suka haɗa da kayan lantarki sun yi girma sosai; Kasancewar narkakkar ɗigon ruwa da za su iya kunna gobara ta biyu na haifar da babban haɗari, amma duk da haka babu wani tsarin rabe-rabe na duniya ɗaya don jinkirin harshen wuta a tsaye.
Mahimmin ƙalubalen masana'antu: Don EVA da roba na al'ada, ana iya kimanta juriya na wuta kawai a gani; Sakamakon gwaji daga dakunan gwaje-gwaje daban-daban don kayan abu ɗaya gaba ɗaya bai dace ba; kuma babu ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan aminci don fitarwa{0}}madaidaitan kayan lantarki da masana'antun PCB.
II. Haihuwar Matsayin Farko: Ƙirƙirar Tsari Na Musamman Uku - (1972-1990, UL94 Versions 1-3)
A cikin 1972, UL ya fito da bugu na farko na UL94{2}} ƙa'idar rarrabuwar kawuna ta duniya don jinkirin harshen wuta-yana aza harsashin tsarin ƙima na zamani.
An ƙara sabbin gwaje-gwaje na asali guda biyu: ƙonewa a kwance (HB) da ƙonewa a tsaye.
An raba ainihin ƙirar a tsaye zuwa kashi uku kawai: V-0, V-1, da V-2. Mahimman ma'auni na kimantawa shine saura lokacin harshen wuta da ko ruwan digo ya kunna kushin auduga.
Bugu na uku (1980) ya sake sabunta hanyoyin gwaji, waɗanda Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Amurka ta amince da su kuma ta zama abin da aka wajabta ga na'urorin lantarki da na gida.
Ƙayyadaddun iyaka: Kawai mai jituwa tare da lokacin farin ciki, robobi masu tsauri; babu wani gwaji da aka sadaukar don kayan kumfa na bakin ciki (misali, EVA, kumfa EPDM, kumfa silicone); Ƙimar juriyar harshen wuta don kayan bakin ciki gabaɗaya an wuce gona da iri kuma sun kasa cika buƙatun taimako na PCB -matsalar zafin jiki{3}}.
III. Haɓaka Maki: Ƙari na ƙimar jinkirin wuta mai ƙarfi (5V) (1991-2012, bugu na huɗu da na biyar)
Bugu na huɗu (1991) da bugu na biyar (1996) sun gabatar da manyan haɓakawa guda biyu masu mahimmanci, suna kafa tsarin rarrabuwar wuta da ke ci gaba da aiki har yau.
Sabbin ma'aunin juriya na 5VA da 5VB (mafi girman V-0), yana kwaikwayi yanayin yanayi tare da dorewar yanayin zafi da buɗe wuta mai girma;
5VA: Ba -faranti marasa ramuka, masu dacewa da ƙa'idodi masu ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun IC, babban{3}} buƙatun yanayin zafin jiki, da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun buƙatu na kayan ajiyar makamashi.
5VB: Yana ba da damar ɗan hushi; babban tsarin yanayin zafi na duniya{1}.
Ƙara tanadin gwaji na musamman don fina-finai na bakin ciki da kayan kumfa na bakin ciki don magance matsalolin gwaji tare da kumfa EVA da EPDM.
Muhimmin ci gaban masana'antu: Abubuwan lantarki, PCBs, da sabbin kayan makamashi yanzu suna buƙatar alamar takaddun shaida ta UL94 na tilas, yayin da ƙananan{1}}HB mai konewa{2}kayan kumfa a hankali ana cire su daga layin samar da masana'antu.
Abubuwan da ke damun muhalli na farko: Turai ta gano dioxins da aka samar lokacin da gurɓataccen wuta ya kone, yana haifar da hani kan harshen halogen na gargajiya{0}} harshen wuta{1}mai hana kumfa EVA.
IV. Ingantaccen Haɓakawa: Haɗin kai Matsayin Gwajin Duniya (Bugu na 6, 2013)
An fito da bugu na shida na UL94 a cikin 2013, yana ƙarfafa juriyar gwaji don daidaitawa da sarƙoƙi na kasuwancin waje.
Daidaita tsayin harshen wuta, ƙimar calorific, girman samfurin, da zafin muhalli / ɗanshi na fitilar BenSheng don kawar da bambance-bambancen gwaji tsakanin dakunan gwaje-gwaje a China, Amurka, da Turai.
Tasirin kauri akan ƙimar jinkirin wuta a bayyane yake: don kumfa silicone iri ɗaya, samfurin kauri mai kauri 3mm wanda aka rarraba shi azaman V-0 na iya raguwa zuwa V-1 idan Layer ɗin kumfa yana da kauri kawai 0.5 mm.
Mai yarda da ka'idodin juriya na harshen ISO da IEC na duniya; Abubuwan amfani da PCB da aka fitar zuwa EU da kudu maso gabashin Asiya an ba su takaddun shaida iri ɗaya ƙarƙashin rarrabuwar UL94.
An aiwatar da ka'idojin muhalli a lokaci guda: umarnin RoHS na EU ya hana polybrominated wuta retardants, sa masana'antu su matsa zuwa halogen{0}free V0 kumfa silicone da kuma lokaci{2}out halogen{3}mai dauke da harshen wuta{4}}kayan sakewa kamar EVA da EPDM.
V. Sabbin Matsayin Zamani:Bukatun Biyu don Kariyar Muhalli da Babban -Aikin Zazzabi (Bugu na bakwai, 2023, yana aiki a halin yanzu)
Buga na 7 da aka fitar a cikin 2023 shine sigar daidaitacce na duniya, yana nuna ainihin abubuwan haɓakawa waɗanda aka inganta don kayan dafa kumfa da aikace-aikacen latsawa na PCB.
Tace ma'auni na gano soso na bakin ciki na kumfa, bambanta halayen konewa tsakanin rufaffiyar siliki -cell, buɗe{1}}cell EPDM, da taushi EVA.
Haɓaka ƙarfin gwajin jinkirin harshen wuta bayan tsufa mai girma{0}}zazzabi: ƙimar jinkirin wutar kayan dole ne kada ya nuna ƙasƙanci mai mahimmanci lokacin da aka fallasa ga tsawaita dumama a digiri 200.
Magance ƙalubalen masana'antu masu mahimmanci: EVA da na al'ada EPDM masu jinkirin harshen wuta suna nuna zafi mai girma{0}; maimaita matsi na thermal yana haifar da lalacewa daga V0 zuwa HB, yana mai da su rashin dacewa da layin samarwa na PCB.
Harshen harshen wuta{0} silicone kumfa mai ɗorewa, sananne don tsayinsa{1} tsayin zafin zafi da rashin rabuwar lokaci yayin kiyaye ƙimar wuta ta V0, ya zama babban kayan aiki don manyan aikace-aikacen hana zafin zafi.
Sabbin sharuɗɗa na ƙananan - hayaki da mara{1}} samfuran konewa masu guba an gabatar da su don daidaitawa da buƙatun amincin kashe gobarar bita da tsaftataccen ƙa'idodin samarwa na allunan da'ira da aka buga.
Halin duniya: Ƙimar jinkirin harshen wuta a yanzu ba ta ƙunshi "kai{0}}ƙashewa a kan fallasa wuta ba," har ma da ƙarin ma'auni guda uku{1}} tsayin daka na yanayin zafi, halogen{2}ƙaunar muhalli kyauta, kuma babu leaching.